The Range, grass and/or grazing lands are the most important, extensive, useful and beautiful God given resource not only at the disposal and the uses of the human beings but also, at the disposal and the uses of the other living creatures all over the land sphere. Since it is as such, then inevitably, the Range spaces are exposed to the most dangerous natural damages and afflictions, as well as to the human and non-human events, occurrences and incidents. This phenomenon and characteristic as well as the conditions accompany it in respect to the existence of the Rangelands, more or less in any territory from the beginning of life along with the time till now, had been running as such. As a result, especially in recent centuries, the human beings had been watching the gradual, but continuing death of enormous, beneficial, pure and abundant natural grasslands. As far as numerous witnesses approve the story that the gradual death of the grasslands in many parts of the world, had been followed by continuous disaster of droughts, still followed by the destruction of the subsistence sites on the earth globe and consequently, the fall of human civilization in other parts of the earth. Now, considering the necessity of the grasslands sustainable management, as one of the most outstanding bio-resources for all of the living creatures all over the land sphere. The goal of this article was to plan Extension educational strategies for the sustainable process of maintaining, revival, development and exploitation of the country’s grasslands. For this purpose, while doing the library searches, the basic researches for this article, had taken place on the bases of clinical surveys through observations, meetings and interviews with individuals and groups involved in exploitation and maintenance of the grasslands in the territories of the counties and villages’ as well as in pasturelands resorts and also in the country’ institutions and organizations involved. The findings which were based on the experiments and studies relying on “natural –pivoted development”, indicate the reality that ahead of any move in the process of maintaining, revival, development and exploitation of the country’s grasslands, it is necessary to plan Extension educational strategies to start with. In this relation, this article contains a review of the literature on the philosophy, principles, objectives (as the pillars or the essential elements) as well as the strategies regarding the School of Extension Education, which is briefly discussed in the appendix.In completing the role of these essential elements, after explaining the Extension teaching methods, the addressed groups including local and technical leaders, traditional know-how men and professional shepherds (the rural as well as the tribe) and also the needed training workshops, and the other necessary methods to train general volunteer rural and tribal animal keepers, had been mentioned. These teaching and training methods had been defined and introduced in the meantime, at the end of the article. Also in addition to some recommendations, reference is made to some training motives and incentives in order to attract the training objective groups, as well as to evaluate the basis of the effectiveness of the Extension training activities regarding the Extension educational management in Range sustainable exploitation.

Isolated centrifugal fans are widely utilized in air conditioning system and their performance is closely related to the energy consumption of the system. The purpose of this work is to enlarge the fan operation Range without reducing peak efficiency. An improved class and shape function method coupled the Kriging model is proposed to design fan airfoils and to optimize the efficiency and static pressure of the fan. Numerical simulation and experimental study show that both pressure coefficients in large and small flow rate are improved by this optimized fan, and the peak efficiency remains to be unchanged almost under design condition. Optimized pressure coefficient increased by 2.17% in design condition. Furthermore, operation Range of the isolated centrifugal fan is enlarged via optimization design scheme and surrogate model. A better understanding of the physical mechanisms involved isolated centrifugal fan is further investigated.

The Leaf-toed Geckos of genus Asaccus are distributed in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran of the Middle-East characterizing by a unique characteristic of cloacal sacs and postanal bones absence. The genus Asaccus includes 19 species with at least 10 species in Iran distributing along the Zagros Mountains. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a body size difference between males and females of the same species, being a widespread phenomenon in reptiles. We collected additional specimens of Asaccus nasrullahi (Phyllodactylidae) from four new localities in Ilam and Khuzestan Provinces, western Iran. In this study, 110 adult specimens of this lizard were examined (for nine metric and four meristic characters). The analyses of morphological data revealed that the males are significantly larger than the females in eight metric characters including forelimb to hind limb length (FHL), length of forelimb (LFL), length of hind limb (LHL), head height (HH), head length (HL), head width (HW), rostrum to anus length (RAL), and tail length (TL). There is no significant difference in the rate of tail shedding between the sexes. The Range of this species is extended beyond type locality in Lorestan Province into adjacent areas in Ilam and Khuzestan Provinces.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze perception of pastoralists towards effectiveness of Extension methods for improving Range management plans in Tafresh and to analyze the factors influencing pastoralist’s perception. This study was a correlational research design. The statistical population of the study consisted at 95 pastoralists in the area of study. A sample of 55 pastoralists was selected using “systematic random sampling” method and questionnaires were used to collect data. For determining the validity of questionnaire, the content validity was used in which the viewpoints and expert judgment were considered to validate the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability of scales of questionnaire and its value was obtained 0.7 through highest for different scales. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The findings revealed that extent of awareness about plan, participation in Range rehabilitation, participation in Range conservation, motivation for participation in plans, extent of using mass media, participation in Extension programs and educational level significantly and positively correlated with pastoralists' perception towards effectiveness of Extension methods for improving Range management plans. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that variables of extent of participation in Range rehabilitation, extent of using mass media, educational level and motivation of participation in plans explained 56% of the variation in extent of pastoralists' perception towards effectiveness of Extension methods for improving Range management plans.

Rhinogecko misonnei (de Witte, 1973) is a species of geckonid lizard distributed in Iran and Pakistan.This species was calledAgamura misonnei by Szczerbak and Golubev in 1993. Witte (1973) was the first to introduce this species from Dasht-e-Lut in eastern Iran (30o13’ N, 58 o 47’ E). The last report of this species that of Moradi et al. (2009) in the western Dasht-e-Lut in eastern Iran (30o29’ N, 57 o 44’ E). Here, we report a new record that shows a wider distribution of Rhinogecko misonnei in southeastern Iran. An adult specimen of this species (ZMSBUK703) was collected during field work from Rigan county, southeastern Kerman Province.

Hypostomus nigropunctatus is a loricarid species distributed in the Río Iguazú basin in Brazil. We revised some specimens from the Arroyo Urugua-í basin, Misiones, Argentina, which, based on a morphological comparison, are corroborated to be H. nigropunctatus. These specimens expand the species' known distribution from the Iguazú basin to the Urugua-í basin. Furthermore, this finding is the first record of this species in Argentina.

The Range lands depletion of production on potentials and deterioration of vegetation have negative effects on the income of live stock producers and family economy in Dashli Brune area, north of Golestan Province. In a field experiment during 2001 the effect of education, social structure, ownership and family income on live stock producers participation in Range lands reclamination and Development projects have been studied by using Likert Method and statistical analysis, such as T -test and F-Regression in 127 samples among 190 live stock producers families. The results indicated that income resource of 95% of agricultural is live stock products are based on 308 heads of animals, 6 hec of irrigated land and 22 hec of rain fed land. The multi variables regression experiment (Back -ward method) and the tests conducted also indicated that ownership and rain fed land are two most important factors in live stock producers participation.

BACKGROUND: Causing site direct mutation can be one of the efficient methods to evaluate the characteristics and properties of various genes. Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic infectious disease that would cause great economic losses. Thus, recognition of pathogenic and immunogenic factors in the genus Brucella can lead to control this health problem.OBJECTIVES: Considering the importance of site direct mutation in identification of genome structure and numerous ways to achieve this goal, Overlap Extension PCR is introduced as an improved technique for the removal and replacement of the gene target.METHODS: For this study, with two-step PCR using specific primers, upstream and downstream fragments from target gene and antibiotic resistance cassette from plasmid pET28a (+), were reproduced and were connected to each other. The resulting fragment was cloned in specific position of pBluescriptIISK(-) plasmid by the restriction enzymes. Then, the construction was transferred into the genome of Brucella abortus by electroporation method.RESULTS: Fusion PCR product was obtained without any change in the nucleotide sequence and then it was cloned into pBluescriptIISK (-) plasmid, finally the construction was replaced and the target gene was deleted.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that the Overlap Extension PCR is an optimized and modified technique to create mutations in the bacterial genome structure and can easily be used in the family Brucella.